Polytunnels

Some tips on choosing

Polytunnels are wonderful structures and good value compared to greenhouses. Once erected they will be there for several years, so check out my tips before buying.

More advice in this YouTube video.

&#;

Please visit our website for more information on this topic.

I have used polytunnels since when I bought 3 of 18×55 feet (5.5x17m) and they served me well except that their 2.5cm/1in tubes were too thin for my exposed site. In a gale of March , one of them collapsed after the wind ripped out its polythene on the far side &#; see below for how that works.

How big?

If possible, I would buy the largest you can fit into your area, because the space is useful for storage and drying washing as well as for growing! One always finds more to plant in a tunnel. Hoops are 5 to 6 feet (1.5-1.8m) apart so length is multiples of that. I reckon that 20-30 feet is a good length for even ventilation, whereas tunnels of say 60 feet length can have pockets of &#;dead&#; unventilated air in the middle.

My current tunnel is 42ft long and works especially well for winter salads, without any supplementary heat.

Winter salad plants on 19th December , before a pick for Christmas. They carry on producing new leaves until spring, from transplanting in October.

Orientation

• North to south is ideal so that tall crops in summer cause equal amounts of shade to either side, also to reduce overheating in summer.
• An east-west structure is face on to the midday sun and in a hot climate this is not ideal during summer. It also means some shading of crops in the north bed when summer crops grow tall in the middle.

However any orientation is possible and I have tried many, with success. Other important factors to consider are aligning a tunnel up-and-down any slope (beds across slope are harder to water and mulch), and having the doors at convenient points for access and watering.

Ventilation

Plants like fresh air and its important they have enough, rather than striving for maximum heat. Air in a polytunnel circulates from one end to the other, and if possible I recommend leaving a gap between the top of doors and the frame above them, say 5cm/6in, so that a small amount of air can always flow through and increase carbon dioxide levels, without a draught at ground level. I find that winter salads stay healthy, without mildew problems, and yet without any need to open and close doors for much of the winter. One job saved!

The option of side vents (instead of the polythene going to ground level) is in my opinion not necessary or suitable for vegetables in temperate climates such as here. Side vents reduce temperature in windy weather, while doors at both ends offer enough possibility to admit fresh air. Its cheaper and simpler to cover the hoops with polythene only, to ground level and below. Keep side vents for long tunnels only, above a length of 40-50 feet (13-16m).

Polythene attached at ground level, or buried?

I recommend burying the polythene all around in trenches of one spade&#;s depth, in order to have a polythene barrier in the ground. This protects against:

• Pests entering, such as rabbits, slugs, cats and dogs.
• Weeds creeping in, including couch grass, buttercup, bindweed.
• Too much draught and cold air around plants&#; leaves.

Filling a trench for new polythene at Homeacres, January January after digging trenches to receive the polythene, no mulching yetNormally I lay cardboard on weeds but here I trialled placing some compost first, then card and more compost. This was not a great idea, less good than placing card on the ground, with all the compost on top of it.Late March, with a few plantings already of peas, broad beans, radish and beetroot

It is sometimes claimed to be easier and quicker to attach polythene at ground level to battens or rails. However this means you need to dig holes for the foundation tubes, rather than simply knocking them in. Also for windy sites, you may need some concrete in there. All the fixings you need involve extra expense, and are mainly worthwhile if there is simply no room to dig a trench.

My First Tunnels polytunnel has base rails, professionally installed, and they are working well. I asked the fitters to leave a polythene skirt below the base rail (see photo below), which we then dug into the soil.

Foundation tubes

When burying polythene in a trench, tubes simply need to be hammered into the ground about 30&#;45cm/12&#;8in (where their role is to give the structure some rigidity, that is all). When polythene is bured, the tubes are not anchoring the structure in place, but keeping it steady in wind.

In contrast to this, when polythene is attached to a rail and not buried, the foundation tubes have more importance as they are what holds the structure in the ground (rather than the buried polythene) and so you need more expensive tubes with metal brackets on their ends, and each one requires a dug hole, sometimes with concrete.

Crop support bars

Although an &#;extra&#;, I would always buy these so you have support for climbing plants, from tomatoes and cucumbers to beans and melons. They span across from side to side at about or just over 6ft (2m) high, so you can walk underneath, yet also reach to tie strings or stakes.

How many years before re-cladding?

Polythene needs replacing every 5-8 years, depending how windy your site is and how tight you can stretch it. Polythene is easier to make tight when the cover is put on in warm sunshine, if possible. I have often done it in January and managed alright, but the skin is definitely slacker and more prone to damage than when clad in warm sunshine.

The First Tunnels fitters have achieved a tight finish on my tunnel, erected in May warmth. They reckon the polythene can last for 15 years! This tunnel is 12ft longer than my first one, the same width, and has lovely straight sides.

23rd May after two First Tunnels fitters had started at 11am the previous day &#; 18x42ft with lovely straight sides, and a polythene skirt from the base rails

&#;

What kind of polythene?

More types become available and choosing is then difficult. From tunnels I have seen with the more expensive thermic or anti-condensation polythene, I doubt that their extra cost is worthwhile. I recommend the standard, light-diffusing polythene which admits around 89% of daylight. Always use horticultural grade polythene, which has a UV stabiliser, without which it would be brittle and break within a year.

A friend recently noticed the great clarity of my standard, light diffusing polythene which is now 3 years old. I had recently washed it with a wet sheet and brush to remove lichen and moss.

If you want to learn more, please visit our website Zolo.

Doors

You use these a lot so suffice to say, they are worth spending money on to have the ones you like. Home-made is certainly possible, note my tips on ventilation. It's the area where you can be most creative, especially if you enjoy carpentry. For door frames, 4×2 timbers are good.

Watering

I like hand watering, but it needs more time. I have two spray lines supplied by First Tunnels but do not use them a lot because the distribution is uneven. There are several dry zones where we need to water by hand afterwards.

For information on polytunnel growing, have a look at my Polytunnel and Greenhouse Growing YouTube playlist.

&#;

The information on this page is downloadable as a PDF.

&#;

Railway tunnel construction shortens the route length by allowing rail lines to pass through natural obstacles such as mountains and provide a means of crossing busy city areas without damaging or interfering with neighbourhoods. Tunnels are also required to accommodate underground railway systems for providing rapid and smooth transport facilities in metropolitan areas while reducing traffic on surface transport networks.

Successful planning, design, construction, and operation of rail tunnels require meticulous geotechnical investigation, sophisticated construction technology, machinery and equipment, an experienced and skilled workforce, and advanced tunnelling surveying and safety monitoring solutions.

Finding the best railway tunnel construction contractors, surveyors and safety solution providers

Railway Technology has listed some of the leading rail tunnel design and construction contractors, tunnelling surveying experts and tunnelling safety consultants based on its intel, insights and decades-long experience in the sector.

The list includes turnkey railway tunnel engineering and construction companies, as well as consultants and suppliers of a wide range of solutions for tunnel safety enhancement.

The information contained within the download document is useful for railway operators, project managers, procurement executives, rail tunnelling contractors, consultants, safety and maintenance engineers, technicians and other individuals involved in railway infrastructure engineering, monitoring and maintenance.

The download contains detailed information on railway tunnel construction contractors, equipment suppliers, tunnelling surveying and tunnel safety solution providers, and their product and service lines, alongside contact details to aid your purchasing or hiring decision.

Related Buyer&#;s Guides which cover an extensive range of railway manufacturers, suppliers and solutions, can also be found here.

Types of railway tunnel construction solutions

Railway infrastructure developers rely on specialised equipment, tools and services for tunnel design, construction and safety maintenance.

The machinery, materials and technological solutions used for railway tunnel and other rail construction projects include, but are not limited to:

• Tunnelling shields and tunnel boring machines (TBMs)
• Rock bolts, steel ribs, and lattice girders
• Shotcrete equipment, accessories, and tunnel lining solutions
• Tunnel engineering, design, risk assessment and construction services
• Tunnel maintenance and refurbishment equipment and services
• Tunnel smoke dispersion, fire detection and suppression solutions
• Tunnel ventilation design, lighting, and communication solutions
• Tunnel track maintenance tools, concreting solutions, and installation services
• 3D rail tunnel simulation systems
• Rail tunnel drainage solutions
• Radar instruments for railway tunnel monitoring, and
• Tunnel and clearance measuring systems and diagnostic tools

Importance of rail tunnel safety monitoring

Rail tunnels require regular monitoring to enhance risk assessment, optimise operational safety and efficiency, and avoid structural collapse.

Customised monitoring solutions can help in the continuous mapping of concrete covering and reinforced bars, detecting cavities behind the concrete covering, as well as identifying fractures, voids, delamination, and water infiltration inside rail tunnels.

Download our list here.

For more information, please visit tunnel formwork.