How do you take amino acid granules?

Share

Shuanglian Product Page

• Facebook

• Twitter

• Whatsapp

  Whatsapp

Amino acids are present in proteins and, depending on their origin, we will get a different aminogram. Our organism breaks down proteins into amino acids to build and regenerate tissues

When we talk about amino acids supplements sometimes we confuse them and relate them directly with the Branched Chain Amino Acids or BCAA's.

So, we should not confuse them with the EAA’s (Essential Amino Acids – BCAAs belong to the EAAs…). Therefore, when we talk about amino acids, we should try to be more specific because we could be talking about creatine, glutamine, tryptophan, lysine, aspartic acid, HMB… not just BCAA’s.

We are going to distinguish the different types of amino acids, and we do not mean to do this in a generic way. Each one will have its own mode of administration, use, and objective

Amino Acids Types

The distinction is clear: Essential Amino Acids (leucine, valine, isoleucine, tryptophan, histidine, methionine, lysine, threonine, phenylalanine) and Non-Essential Amino Acids (alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, proline, ornithine, serin, tyrosine). The first ones should be added to our diet almost compulsory, since they are not synthesized by the body. On the other hand, our organism is capable of producing those that belong to the second group.

Conditionally Essential Amino Acids

There are some exceptions within the “non-essential” group which are the so called conditionally essential amino acids. A clear example would be glutamine, because even though our body can synthesize it, there are some cases when the supply does not meet our requirements. This can be due to certain diseases related to the immune system or digestive apparatus.

Amino acids are not only in charge of the synthesizing proteins, but they are also responsible for the creation of certain hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters…

What are the sources of Amino Acids?

Following a healthy diet is a fundamental pillar that will help us to meet our needs so that we can reach our objectives, there is no doubt about it. However, there are some factors that can shape this statement.

Is it enough to follow the general recommendations when it comes to proteins? It seems that this is not so clear for athletes… There is not an exact dose of amino acids, even though research and studies seem to acknowledge the role of amino acids, both at a sport level as well as for health and even the elderly

Following a diet that will provide us all the nutrients we need thoroughly is quite complicate. If we also do sport with an objective in mind, the issue becomes even more complex. Amino Acids Supplements provide support, specially when there is a lack of certain nutrients at specific moments, like the period around the workout.

Is it Necessary to Take Amino Acids?

It depends on several factors. They will be highly useful for some cases, while they may not produce the expected effects in others, which can happen due to a incorrect dose, or maybe because there is no deficiency, or due to the intensity and/or workout stimulus, among other things.

They are still nutrients that you can find them in proteins. Do you consume all the macronutrients perfectly?

Do I need to take Amino Acids?

Two sessions per day, 4 times a week… alternating Crossfit with Swimming and Running. Moreover, I have to go to work. Sometimes, I do not have much time to eat what I should… This could be an example of someone who, even though is not a professional, is passionate about training and practising sport. I believe that there is a difference between this person and someone who just trains 5-7h a week… Context matters and everyone has a different situation and interests as well.

Who can benefit from Taking this supplement?

Mainly sportspeople and athletes. These people undergo a high physical wear due to their workouts and competitions.

Will a competitive triathlete take amino acids and other supplements?

However, anyone can benefit from them if he/she is disciplined in terms of following a diet and a workout program that include high intensity sessions in order to improve the physical composition or to accelerate and enhance the recovery.

For Vegans

Another important issue: depending on the diet you follow you can have some kind of deficit. This is the case of those who follow a vegan diet which, since it suppresses all foods from animals, is reducing or almost limiting the supply of certain nutrients, like creatine or taurine.

In other cases, some vegetable protein sources tend to lack some specific amino acid, we can increase the nutrient supply by adding, for example, lysine.

A proper use of this supplement can contribute to improving the following processes (as long as the rest of conditions are met: training and diet adjusted to the objective)

In addition, Beta Alanine supplementation canin vegans.

Uses of Amino Acids

Recovery

• One of the main benefits of taking amino acids could be related to improving our physical and muscle recovery. According to the research, taking BCAA’s after physical exercise can shorten the recovery and even reduce the consequences of overtraining or delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Preserve the Muscle Mass

• HMB is a leucine metabolite (leucine is a precursor form of HMB). This substance produces an effect that consists of preserving the muscle mass during periods of a higher volume and intensity of training, while improving the physical composition. To put it briefly, it reduces the loss of muscle mass.

Performance

• BCAA’s can become a source of energy when necessary, mainly during physical exercise, so that they even reduce the breakdown of muscle fibers. On the other hand, they can also decrease the fatigue.
• Creatine, which is made of 3 amino acids (glycine, methionine, and arginine), can be classified as one of the most important elements when it comes to improving the performance. Specially for short and high intensity activities, when we will experience all its benefits.
• Beta Alanine also improves the performance, specially during high intensity activities that last at least 40-60 seconds.

Muscle Growth

• Leucine, which is one of the BCAA’s, is the most anabolic amino acid. The anabolic property of a protein can be assessed with the leucine content from its aminogram. This is the reason why, if a meal has more leucine, we could say that it will be more anabolic.
• Taking essential amino acids (EAA’s) before doing physical exercise.

Improve your Health

Not all the amino acids are related to muscle growth, in fact, they can be used for other purposes. For instance:

• Leucine can be used to reduce the sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass in old people).
• Tryptophan, has properties to improve the mood, since it is a precursor form of serotonin, which is a type of neurotransmitter.
• Taurine is present in foods that come from animals, which is why it can be missing from the diet of vegan athletes, since it is involved in cell osmoregulation. This lack could increase the risk of suffering muscle cramps…
• Theanine is another amino acid that increases the feeling of wellness by encouraging relaxation and calmness, but without causing somnolence…

How to take Amino Acids

The powder format is the best way of taking amino acids because can combine them more easily. You will be able to adjust the dose according to the body weight of the person.

Moreover, we will be able to combine it with other products depending on the supplementation protocol that we are looking for.

Whey Protein is an excellent source of EAA’s

We can also use amino acids supplements in capsules or tablets due to different circumstances (travelling, comfort…)

The best time to Take Amino Acids

From my point of view, if you take amino acids to do sports, it should be around the workout, that is, the Peri-Workout, since it will be the best moment to take advantage of this supplementation.

However, it is also possible to take other servings

In the Morning

Theanine is advised in cases of stress, but it can even be combined with caffeine to feel more active and with a better mood. But it will not produce symptoms like anxiety or nervousness. The dose is around 200mg.

Before Sleeping

Generally, it is advisable to take amino acids before going to sleep in order to rest properly or to shorten the recovery. This would be the case of Tryptophan against insomnia, when it is advisable to take a dose between 1-2g before sleeping.

With the Meals

If they are «poor» or limiting in terms of amino acids, we can use supplementation.

Loading Phase

In this case, we can take creatine by carrying out a loading phase, 4-5 servings daily for 1 week. Beta alanine is also a supplement that allows a loading phase (90mg per kg/body weight) with a dose that also has to be distributed throughout the day (including before and after the workout).

We can follow this advice when it comes to taking amino acids

Taking Amino Acids Before Training

Two choices:

1. From a source of protein: the first choice would be WPC (Whey Protein Concentrate) or WPI (Whey Protein Isolate). For the latter, the aminogram and BCAA content (specifically leucine) is slightly higher. The dose will be between 20-40g.

2. Directly from Amino acids: the second choice would be BCAA’s or Branched Chain Amino Acids. In this case, we could use a powder format with a 2:1:1 rate adjusting the dose (0.07-0.09g of BCAA’s per kg of body weight).

Amino acids During the Workout

If we take amino acids before training, regardless of our choice, and the session does not last longer than 60-90min, they will not be necessary. Otherwise, we have two choices once again:

1. Protein: it has to be hydrolyzed protein and the best choice would be PeptoPro® due to its properties. The dose will be between 10-20g.

2. Branched Chain Amino Acids Peptides: we choose PepForm™ Leucine Peptides which have the highest absorption rate, since they come in di- and tri-peptides.

In both cases, depending of the physical activity as well as its duration and intensity, it is advisable to add a fast absorption carbohydrates source in order to encourage muscle recovery and energy recharge.

Amino Acids After the Workout

Finally, we can also get amino acids from these two sources:

1. Protein: My personal advice would be, once again, a hydrolyzed protein if we want to take a more effective protein in terms of absorption. Evohydro would be a great choice (1-1.5 scoop). However, we could consider any other protein source, like the ones we mentioned previously.

2. Branched Chain Amino Acids: Again, my personal advice would be Evobcaas which have a 12:1:1 ratio, apart from having a little dose of glutamine, which we can increase by adding 5-10g of glutamine. The dose of Evobcaas will be a scoop (11g). We can also add a dose of Creatine at the same time by adjusting it to our weight (1g of Creatine per 10kg of body weight).

Sources

Related Entries

Askanazi, J., Furst, P., Michelsen, C. B., Elwyn, D. H., Vinnars, E., Gump, F. E., Stinchfield, F. E., and Kinney, J. M. Muscle and plasma amino acids after injury: hypocaloric glucose vs. amino acid infusion. Ann Surg. 1980;191(4):465-472. View abstract.

Bassit, R. A., Sawada, L. A., Bacurau, R. F., Navarro, F., and Costa Rosa, L. F. The effect of BCAA supplementation upon the immune response of triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(7):1214-1219. View abstract.

Berry, H. K., Brunner, R. L., Hunt, M. M., and White, P. P. Valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A new treatment for phenylketonuria. Am J Dis Child 1990;144(5):539-543. View abstract.

Bigard, A. X., Lavier, P., Ullmann, L., Legrand, H., Douce, P., and Guezennec, C. Y. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. Int.J Sport Nutr 1996;6(3):295-306. View abstract.

Blomstrand, E. and Newsholme, E. A. Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on the exercise-induced change in aromatic amino acid concentration in human muscle. Acta Physiol Scand. 1992;146(3):293-298. View abstract.

Blomstrand, E. and Saltin, B. BCAA intake affects protein metabolism in muscle after but not during exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2001;281(2):E365-E374. View abstract.

Blomstrand, E., Andersson, S., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B., and Newsholme, E. A. Effect of branched-chain amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation on the exercise-induced change in plasma and muscle concentration of amino acids in human subjects. Acta Physiol Scand. 1995;153(2):87-96. View abstract.

Blomstrand, E., Hassmen, P., Ekblom, B., and Newsholme, E. A. Administration of branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise--effects on performance and on plasma concentration of some amino acids. Eur J Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1991;63(2):83-88. View abstract.

Calvey, H., Davis, M., and Williams, R. Controlled trial of nutritional supplementation, with and without branched chain amino acid enrichment, in treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol. 1985;1(2):141-151. View abstract.

Carli, G., Bonifazi, M., Lodi, L., Lupo, C., Martelli, G., and Viti, A. Changes in the exercise-induced hormone response to branched chain amino acid administration. Eur J Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1992;64(3):272-277. View abstract.

Colker CM, Swain MA Fabrucini B Shi Q Kalman DS. Effects of supplemental protein on body composition and muscular strength in healthy athletic male adults. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical & Experimental 2000;61(1):19-28.

Davis, J. M., Welsh, R. S., De Volve, K. L., and Alderson, N. A. Effects of branched-chain amino acids and carbohydrate on fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity running. Int.J Sports Med 1999;20(5):309-314. View abstract.

De Palo EF, Metus P Gatti R Previti O Bigon L De Palo CB. Branched chain amino acids chronic treatment and muscular exercise performance in athletes: a study through plasma acetyl-carnitine levels. Amino Acids 1993;4(3):255-266.

di, Luigi L., Guidetti, L., Pigozzi, F., Baldari, C., Casini, A., Nordio, M., and Romanelli, F. Acute amino acids supplementation enhances pituitary responsiveness in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(12):1748-1754. View abstract.

Egberts, E. H., Schomerus, H., Hamster, W., and Jurgens, P. [Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of latent porto-systemic encephalopathy. A placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over study]. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1986;25(1):9-28. View abstract.

Engelen, M. P., Rutten, E. P., De Castro, C. L., Wouters, E. F., Schols, A. M., and Deutz, N. E. Supplementation of soy protein with branched-chain amino acids alters protein metabolism in healthy elderly and even more in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(2):431-439. View abstract.

Eriksson, L. S., Persson, A., and Wahren, J. Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 1982;23(10):801-806. View abstract.

Evangeliou, A., Spilioti, M., Doulioglou, V., Kalaidopoulou, P., Ilias, A., Skarpalezou, A., Katsanika, I., Kalamitsou, S., Vasilaki, K., Chatziioanidis, I., Garganis, K., Pavlou, E., Varlamis, S., and Nikolaidis, N. Branched chain amino acids as adjunctive therapy to ketogenic diet in epilepsy: pilot study and hypothesis. J Child Neurol. 2009;24(10):1268-1272. View abstract.

Freyssenet, D., Berthon, P., Denis, C., Barthelemy, J. C., Guezennec, C. Y., and Chatard, J. C. Effect of a 6-week endurance training programme and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on histomorphometric characteristics of aged human muscle. Arch.Physiol Biochem 1996;104(2):157-162. View abstract.

Ganzit GP, Benzio S Filippa M Goitra B Severin B Gribaudo CG. Effects of oral branched-chain amino acids supplementation in bodybuilders. Medicina Dello Sport 1997;50(3):293-303.

Gil R and Neau JP. A double-blind placebo controlled study of branched chain amino acids and L-threonine for the short-term treatment of signs and symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. La semaine des (Paris) 1992;68:1472-1475.

Greer, B. K., Woodard, J. L., White, J. P., Arguello, E. M., and Haymes, E. M. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and indicators of muscle damage after endurance exercise. Int.J Sport Nutr Exerc.Metab 2007;17(6):595-607. View abstract.

Grungreiff K, Kleine F-D Musil HE Diete U Franke D Klauck S Page I Kleine S Lossner B Pfeiffer KP. Valine enriched branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Enzephalopathie Z.Gastroenterol. 1993;31(4):235-241.

Habu, D., Nishiguchi, S., Nakatani, S., Lee, C., Enomoto, M., Tamori, A., Takeda, T., Ohfuji, S., Fukushima, W., Tanaka, T., Kawamura, E., and Shiomi, S. Comparison of the effect of BCAA granules on between decompensated and compensated cirrhosis. Hepatogastroenterology 2009;56(96):1719-1723. View abstract.

Jackman, S. R., Witard, O. C., Jeukendrup, A. E., and Tipton, K. D. Branched-chain amino acid ingestion can ameliorate soreness from eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(5):962-970. View abstract.

Jimenez Jimenez, F. J., Ortiz, Leyba C., Garcia Garmendia, J. L., Garnacho, Montero J., Rodriguez Fernandez, J. M., and Espigado, Tocino, I. [Prospective comparative study of different amino acid and lipid solutions in parenteral nutrition of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation]. Nutr Hosp. 1999;14(2):57-66. View abstract.

Kawamura, E., Habu, D., Morikawa, H., Enomoto, M., Kawabe, J., Tamori, A., Sakaguchi, H., Saeki, S., Kawada, N., and Shiomi, S. A randomized pilot trial of oral branched-chain amino acids in early cirrhosis: validation using prognostic markers for pre-liver transplant status. Liver Transpl. 2009;15(7):790-797. View abstract.

Koivusalo, A. M., Teikari, T., Hockerstedt, K., and Isoniemi, H. Albumin dialysis has a favorable effect on amino acid profile in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2008;23(4):387-398. View abstract.

Long-term oral administration of branched chain amino acids after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial. The San-in Group of Liver Surgery. Br.J Surg. 1997;84(11):1525-1531. View abstract.

Madsen, K., MacLean, D. A., Kiens, B., and Christensen, D. Effects of glucose, glucose plus branched-chain amino acids, or placebo on bike performance over 100 km. J Appl.Physiol 1996;81(6):2644-2650. View abstract.

Marchesini, G., Bianchi, G., Merli, M., Amodio, P., Panella, C., Loguercio, C., Rossi, Fanelli F., and Abbiati, R. Nutritional supplementation with branched-chain amino acids in advanced cirrhosis: a double-blind, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2003;124(7):1792-1801. View abstract.

Matsumoto, K., Koba, T., Hamada, K., Sakurai, M., Higuchi, T., and Miyata, H. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation attenuates muscle soreness, muscle damage and inflammation during an intensive training program. J Sports Med Phys.Fitness 2009;49(4):424-431. View abstract.

Matsumoto, K., Koba, T., Hamada, K., Tsujimoto, H., and Mitsuzono, R. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation increases the lactate threshold during an incremental exercise test in trained individuals. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2009;55(1):52-58. View abstract.

Mendenhall, C., Bongiovanni, G., Goldberg, S., Miller, B., Moore, J., Rouster, S., Schneider, D., Tamburro, C., Tosch, T., and Weesner, R. VA Cooperative Study on Alcoholic Hepatitis. III: Changes in protein-calorie malnutrition associated with 30 days of hospitalization with and without enteral nutritional therapy. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1985;9(5):590-596. View abstract.

Mikulski, T., Ziemba, A, Chmura J., Wisnik P., Kurek Z., Kaciuba, Uscilko H., and Nazar, K. The effect of supplementation with branched chain amino acids (BCAA) on psychomotor performance during graded exercise in human subjects. Biology of sport (Warsaw), 2002;19(4):295-301.

Mittleman, K. D., Ricci, M. R., and Bailey, S. P. Branched-chain amino acids prolong exercise during heat stress in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(1):83-91. View abstract.

Morgan, M. Y., Hawley, K. E., and Stambuk, D. Amino acid tolerance in cirrhotic patients following oral protein and amino acid loads. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther 1990;4(2):183-200. View abstract.

Mori, M., Adachi, Y., Mori, N., Kurihara, S., Kashiwaya, Y., Kusumi, M., Takeshima, T., and Nakashima, K. Double-blind crossover study of branched-chain amino acid therapy in patients with spinocerebellar degeneration. J Neurol.Sci 3-30-2002;195(2):149-152. View abstract.

Nakaya, Y., Okita, K., Suzuki, K., Moriwaki, H., Kato, A., Miwa, Y., Shiraishi, K., Okuda, H., Onji, M., Kanazawa, H., Tsubouchi, H., Kato, S., Kaito, M., Watanabe, A., Habu, D., Ito, S., Ishikawa, T., Kawamura, N., and Arakawa, Y. BCAA-enriched snack improves nutritional state of cirrhosis. Nutrition 2007;23(2):113-120. View abstract.

Nilsson, M., Holst, J. J., and Bjorck, I. M. Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(4):996-1004. View abstract.

Poortmans, J., Parry, Billings M., Duchateau, J., Leclercq, R., Brasseur, M., and Newsholme, E. Plasma amino acid and cytokine concentrations following a marathon race. Portuguese journal of human performance studies (Lisboa) 1993;9(1):9-14.

Portier, H., Chatard, J. C., Filaire, E., Jaunet-Devienne, M. F., Robert, A., and Guezennec, C. Y. Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation on physiological and psychological performance during an offshore sailing race. Eur J Appl.Physiol 2008;104(5):787-794. View abstract.

Rossi-Fanelli, F., Riggio, O., Cangiano, C., Cascino, A., De, Conciliis D., Merli, M., Stortoni, M., and Giunchi, G. Branched-chain amino acids vs lactulose in the treatment of hepatic coma: a controlled study. Dig.Dis Sci 1982;27(10):929-935. View abstract.

Saito, Y., Saito, H., Nakamura, M., Wakabayashi, K., Takagi, T., Ebinuma, H., and Ishii, H. Effect of the molar ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids on growth and albumin mRNA expression of human liver cancer cell lines in a serum-free medium. Nutr Cancer 2001;39(1):126-131. View abstract.

Schena, F., Guerrini, F., Tregnaghi, P., and Kayser, B. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. The effects on loss of body mass, body composition, and muscle power. Eur J Appl.Physiol Occup.Physiol 1992;65(5):394-398. View abstract.

Sun, L. C., Shih, Y. L., Lu, C. Y., Hsieh, J. S., Chuang, J. F., Chen, F. M., Ma, C. J., and Wang, J. Y. Randomized, controlled study of branched chain amino acid-enriched total parenteral nutrition in malnourished patients with gastrointestinal cancer undergoing surgery. Am Surg. 2008;74(3):237-242. View abstract.

Watson, P., Shirreffs, S. M., and Maughan, R. J. The effect of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on prolonged exercise capacity in a warm environment. Eur J Appl.Physiol 2004;93(3):306-314. View abstract.

Zanetti, M., Barazzoni, R., Kiwanuka, E., and Tessari, P. Effects of branched-chain-enriched amino acids and insulin on forearm leucine kinetics. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999;97(4):437-448. View abstract.

Andersson-Hall U, Gustavsson C, Pedersen A, Malmodin D, Joelsson L, Holmäng A. Higher Concentrations of BCAAs and 3-HIB Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in the Transition from Gestational Diabetes to Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018;2018:4207067. View abstract.

Anon. Branched-chain amino acids and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a treatment failure? The Italian ALS Study Group. Neurology 1993;43:2466-70. View abstract.

Anthony JC, Anthony TG, Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Signaling pathways involved in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. J Nutr 2001;131:856S-60S.. View abstract.

Anthony JC, Lang CH, Crozier SJ, et al. Contribution of insulin to the translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E1092-101.. View abstract.

If you want to learn more, please visit our website amino acid granular.

Aquilani R. Oral amino acid administration in patients with diabetes mellitus: supplementation or metabolic therapy? Am J Cardiol 2004;93:21A-22A.. View abstract.

Areces F, Salinero JJ, Abian-Vicen J, et al. A 7-day oral supplementation with branched-chain amino acids was ineffective to prevent muscle damage during a marathon. Amino Acids 2014;46(5):1169-76. View abstract.

Asoudeh F, Salari-Moghaddam A, Keshteli AH, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids in relation to general and abdominal obesity. Eat Weight Disord 2022;27(4):1303-1311. View abstract.

Bagheri R, Forbes SC, Candow DG, Wong A. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation and resistance training in postmenopausal women. Exp Gerontol. 2021;144:111185. View abstract.

Baker DH. Tolerance for branched-chain amino acids in experimental animals and humans. J Nutr 2005;135:1585S-90S. View abstract.

Baruzzi A, Contin M, Riva R, et al. Influence of meal ingestion time on pharmacokinetics of orally administered levodopa in parkinsonian patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 1987;10:527-37. View abstract.

Blomstrand E, Ek S, Newsholme EA. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise. Nutrition 1996;12:485-90. View abstract.

Blomstrand E, Hassmen P, Ek S, et al. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on perceived exertion during exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1997;159:41-9. View abstract.

Borengasser SJ, Baker PR 2nd, Kerns ME, et al. Preconception Micronutrient Supplementation Reduced Circulating Branched Chain Amino Acids at 12 Weeks Gestation in an Open Trial of Guatemalan Women Who Are Overweight or Obese. Nutrients. 2018;10(9). pii: E1282. View abstract.

Branchey L, Branchey M, Shaw S, Lieber CS. Relationship between changes in plasma amino acids and depression in alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1212-5. View abstract.

Buondonno I, Sassi F, Carignano G, et al. From mitochondria to healthy aging: The role of branched-chain amino acids treatment: MATeR a randomized study. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(7):2080-2091. View abstract.

Cangiano C, Laviano A, Meguid MM, et al. Effects of administration of oral branched-chain amino acids on anorexia and caloric intake in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:550-2.

Chang CK, Chang Chien KM, Chang JH, et al. Branched-chain amino acids and arginine improve performance in two consecutive days of simulated handball games in male and female athletes: a randomized trial. PLoS One 2015;10(3):e0121866. View abstract.

Chen IF, Wu HJ, Chen CY, Chou KM, Chang CK. Branched-chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline alleviate central fatigue after 3 simulated matches in taekwondo athletes: a randomized controlled trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016;13:28. View abstract.

Chuah SY, Ellis BJ, Mayberry JF. Exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy by branched-chain amino acids-a case report. J Hum Nutr Diet 1992;5:53-6.

Cogo E, Elsayed M, Liang V, et al. Are Supplemental Branched-Chain Amino Acids Beneficial During the Oncological Peri-Operative Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Integr Cancer Ther. 2021;20:1534735421997551.View abstract.

de Bisschop C, Caron F, Ingrand P, Bretonneau Q, Dupuy O, Meurice JC. Does branched-chain amino acid supplementation improve pulmonary rehabilitation effect in COPD?. Respir Med 2021;189:106642. View abstract.

DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al; eds. Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiologic approach. 4th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1999.

Doma K, Singh U, Boullosa D, Connor JD. The effect of branched-chain amino acid on muscle damage markers and performance following strenuous exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021;46(11):1303-1313. View abstract.

Du X, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. Increased branched-chain amino acid levels are associated with long-term adverse cardiovascular events in patients with STEMI and acute heart failure. Life Sci. 2018;209:167-172. View abstract.

Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jurgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Gastroenterology 1985;88:887-95. View abstract.

Eriksson T, Granerus AK, Linde A, et al. "On-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: relationship between dopa and other large neutral amino acids in plasma. Neurology 1988;38:1245-8. View abstract.

Estoche JM, Jacinto JL, Roveratti MC, et al. Branched-chain amino acids do not improve muscle recovery from resistance exercise in untrained young adults. Amino Acids. 2019;51(9):1387-1395. View abstract.

Fabbri A, Magrini N, Bianchi G, et al. Overview of randomized clinical trials of oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996;20:159-64. View abstract.

Facts and Comparisons staff. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St Louis: Wolters Kluwer Company (updated monthly).

Fedewa MV, Spencer SO, Williams TD, Becker ZE, Fuqua CA. Effect of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on muscle soreness following exercise: A meta-analysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2019;89(5-6):348-356. View abstract.

Food and Drug Administration. A Catalog of FDA Approved Drug Products. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/ (Accessed 28 June 2005).

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Available at: https://www.nap.edu/books/0309085373/html/.

Gee TI, Deniel S. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation attenuates a decrease in power-producing ability following acute strength training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2016;56(12):1511-1517. View abstract.

Gietzen DW, Magrum LJ. Molecular mechanisms in the brain involved in the anorexia of branced-chain amino acid deficiency. J Nutr 2001;131:851S-5S.. View abstract.

Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(9):CD001939. View abstract.

Gluud LL, Dam G, Les I, et al. Branched-chain amino acids for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5:CD001939. View abstract.

Gualano AB, Bozza T, Lopes De Campos P, et al. Branched-chain amino acids supplementation enhances exercise capacity and lipid oxidation during endurance exercise after muscle glycogen depletion. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2011;51(1):82-8. View abstract.

Hachiya H, Aoki T, Iso Y, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acids on postoperative tumor recurrence in patients undergoing curative resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized clinical trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2020;27(11):819-829. View abstract.

Harris RA, Kobayashi R, Murakami T, Shimomura Y. Regulation of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase expression in rat liver. J Nutr 2001;131:841S-5S.. View abstract.

Hiroshige K, Sonta T, Suda T, et al. Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acid improves nutritional status in elderly patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1856-62.. View abstract.

Hotta K, Taniguchi R, Nakayama H, Yamaguchi F, Sato Y. The Effects of an Oral Nutritional Supplement with Whey Peptides and Branched-Chain Amino Acids for Cardiac Rehabilitation of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Int Heart J 2021;62(6):1342-1347. View abstract.

Hsu MC, Chien KY, Hsu CC, et al. Effects of BCAA, arginine and carbohydrate combined drink on post-exercise biochemical response and psychological condition. Chin J Physiol 2011;54(2):71-8. View abstract.

Hsueh CF, Wu HJ, Tsai TS, Wu CL, Chang CK. The Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acids, Citrulline, and Arginine on High-Intensity Interval Performance in Young Swimmers. Nutrients. 2018;10(12). pii: E1979. View abstract.

Hutson SM, Harris RA. Introduction. Symposium: Leucine as a nutritional signal. J Nutr 2001;131:839S-40S.

Hutson SM, Lieth E, LaNoue KF. Function of leucine in excitatory neurotransmitter metabolism in the central nervous system. J Nutr 2001;131:846S-50S.. View abstract.

Ikeda T, Matsunaga Y, Kanbara M, et al. Effect of exercise therapy combined with branched-chain amino acid supplementation on muscle strength in elderly women after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2019;28(4):720-726. View abstract.

Ikeda T, Morotomi N, Kamono A, et al. The effects of timing of a leucine-enriched amino acid supplement on body composition and physical function in stroke patients: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1928. View abstract.

Institute of Medicine. The role of protein and amino acids in sustaining and enhancing performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1999. Available at: https://books.nap.edu/books/0309063469/html/309.html#pagetop

Ismaiel A, Bucsa C, Farcas A, Leucuta DC, Popa SL, Dumitrascu DL. Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Parameters Evaluating Sarcopenia in Liver Cirrhosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022;9:749969. View abstract.

Jafari-Vayghan H, Moludi J, Saleh-Ghadimi S, Enamzadeh E, Seyed-Mohammadzad MH, Alizadeh M. Impact of Melatonin and Branched-Chain Amino Acids Cosupplementation on Quality of Life, Fatigue, and Nutritional Status in Cachectic Heart Failure Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Lifestyle Med 2019;16(1):130-140. View abstract.

Juncos JL, Fabbrini G, Mouradian MM, et al. Dietary influences on the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa. Arch Neurol 1987;44:1003-5. View abstract.

Katagiri R, Goto A, Nakagawa T, et al. Increased Levels of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Associated With Increased Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in a Prospective Case-Control Study of a Large Cohort. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(5):1474-1482.e1. View abstract.

Khemtong C, Kuo CH, Chen CY, Jaime SJ, Condello G. Does Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) Supplementation Attenuate Muscle Damage Markers and Soreness after Resistance Exercise in Trained Males? A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2021;13(6):1880. View abstract.

Kikuchi Y, Hiroshima Y, Matsuo K, et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Preoperative Administration of Branched-Chain Amino Acids to Prevent Postoperative Ascites in Patients with Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23(11):3727-3735. View abstract.

Kimball SR, Farrell PA, Jefferson LS. Invited review: Role of insulin in translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by amino acids or excercise. J Appl Physiol 2002;93:1168-80.. View abstract.

Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Control of protein synthesis by amino acid availability. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2002;5:63-7.. View abstract.

Kimura N, Kawahara T, Uemura Y, et al. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a phase II/III, multi-center, randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2022. View abstract.

Koochakpoor G, Salari-Moghaddam A, Keshteli AH, Afshar H, Esmaillzadeh A, Adibi P. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids in relation to depression, anxiety and psychological distress. Nutr J. 2021;20(1):11. View abstract.

Layman DK. The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostasis. J Nutr 2003;133:261S-7S.. View abstract.

Long L, Yang W, Liu L, et al. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids and survival after colorectal cancer diagnosis. Int J Cancer. 2020. View abstract.

Lynch CJ, Hutson SM, Patson BJ, et al. Tissue-specific effects of chronic dietary leucine and norleucine supplementation on protein synthesis in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283:E824-35.. View abstract.

Lynch CJ. Role of leucine in the regulation of mTOR by amino acids: revelations from structure-activity studies. J Nutr 2001;131:861S-5S.. View abstract.

MacLean DA, Graham TE, Saltin B. Branched-chain amino acids augment ammonia metabolism while attenuating protein breakdown during exercise. Am J Physiol 1994;267:E1010-22. View abstract.

MacLean DA, Graham TE. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation augments plasma ammonia responses during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 1993;74:2711-7. View abstract.

Mager DR, Wykes LJ, Ball RO, Pencharz PB. Branched-chain amino acid requirements in school-aged children determined by indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO). J Nutr 2003;133:3540-5. View abstract.

Majumdar SK, Shaw GK, Thomson AD, et al. Changes in plasma amino acid patterns in chronic alcoholic patients during ethanol withdrawal syndrome: their clinical implications. Med Hypotheses 1983;12:239-51. View abstract.

Manaf FA, Peiffer JJ, Maker GL, Fairchild TJ. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation improves cycling performance in untrained cyclists. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24(4):412-417. View abstract.

Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Rossi B, et al. Nutritional treatment with branched-chain amino acids in advanced liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 2000;35:7-12. View abstract.

Marchesini G, Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP, et al. Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol 1990;11:92-101. View abstract.

Meng J, Zhong J, Zhang H, et al. Pre-, peri-, and postoperative oral administration of branched-chain amino acids for primary liver cancer patients for hepatic resection: a systematic review. Nutr Cancer 2014;66(3):517-22. View abstract.

Michel H, Bories P, Aubin JP, et al. Treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotics with a branched-chain amino acids enriched versus a conventional amino acids mixture. A controlled study of 70 patients. Liver 1985;5:282-9. View abstract.

Mori N, Adachi Y, Takeshima T, et al. Branched-chain amino acid therapy for spinocerebellar degeneration: a pilot clinical crossover trial. Intern Med 1999;38:401-6. View abstract.

Nagata C, Nakamura K, Wada K, Tsuji M, Tamai Y, Kawachi T. Branched-chain amino acid intake and the risk of diabetes in a Japanese community: the Takayama study. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(8):1226-32. View abstract.

Nakanishi K, Namisaki T, Mashitani T, et al. Late-evening snack with branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrients does not always inhibit overt diabetes in patients with cirrhosis: A pilot study. Nutrients. 2019;11(9):2140. View abstract.

Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, Detsky AS, Baker JP. Parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1033-42. View abstract.

Negro M, Giardina S, Marzani B, Marzatico F. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation does not enhance athletic performance but affects muscle recovery and the immune system. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2008;48(3):347-51. View abstract.

Nojiri S, Fujiwara K, Shinkai N, Iio E, Joh T. Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomized trial. Nutrition. 2017;33:20-27. View abstract.

Novin ZS, Ghavamzadeh S, Mehdizadeh A. The Weight Loss Effects of Branched Chain Amino Acids and Vitamin B6: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Obese and Overweight Women. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018;88(1-2):80-89. View abstract.

Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, et al. The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport. N Engl J Med 1984;310:483-8. View abstract.

O'Keefe SJ, Ogden J, Dicker J. Enteral and parenteral branched chain amino acid-supplemented nutritional support in patients with encephalopathy due to alcoholic liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987;11:447-53. View abstract.

Okekunle AP, Wu X, Duan W, Feng R, Li Y, Sun C. Dietary Intakes of Branched-Chained Amino Acid and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Adults: The Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases Study. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42(5):484-492.e7. View abstract.

Okekunle AP, Zhang M, Wang Z, et al. Dietary branched-chain amino acids intake exhibited a different relationship with type 2 diabetes and obesity risk: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2019;56(2):187-195. View abstract.

Ooi DSQ, Ling JQR, Sadananthan SA, et al. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Preserve Lean Mass or Affect Metabolic Profile in Adults with Overweight or Obesity in a Randomized Controlled Weight Loss Intervention. J Nutr. 2021;151(4):911-920. View abstract.

Park JG, Tak WY, Park SY, et al. Effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation on the progression of advanced liver disease: A Korean nationwide, multicenter, prospective, observational, cohort Study. Nutrients. 2020;12(5):1429. View abstract.

Park MK, Lee SJ, Choi E, Lee S, Lee J. The Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Stroke-Related Sarcopenia. Front Neurol 2022;13:744945. View abstract.

Partin JF, Pushkin YR. Tachyarrhythmia and hypomania with horny goat weed. Psychosomatics 2004;45:536-7. View abstract.

Peng LN, Yu PC, Hsu CC, et al. Sarcojoint®, the branched-chain amino acid-based supplement, plus resistance exercise improved muscle mass in adults aged 50 years and older: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2022;157:111644. View abstract.

Plaitakis A, Smith J, Mandeli J, Yahr MD. Pilot trial of branched-chain aminoacids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet 1988;1:1015-8. View abstract.

Plauth M, Egberts EH, Hamster W, et al. Long-term treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy with branched-chain amino acids. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. J Hepatol 1993;17:308-14. View abstract.

Proud CG. Regulation of mammalian translation factors by nutrients. Eur J Biochem 2002;269:5338-49.. View abstract.

Ra SG, Miyazaki T, Kojima R, et al. Effect of BCAA supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage: a pilot placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(11):1582-1591. View abstract.

Rahimi MH, Shab-Bidar S, Mollahosseini M, Djafarian K. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition. 2017;42:30-36. View abstract.

Richardson MA, Bevans ML, Read LL, et al. Efficacy of the branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in men. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1117-24.. View abstract.

Richardson MA, Bevans ML, Weber JB, et al. Branched chain amino acids decrease tardive dyskinesia symptoms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;143:358-64. View abstract.

Richardson MA, Small AM, Read LL, et al. Branched chain amino acid treatment of tardive dyskinesia in children and adolescents. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:92-6. View abstract.

Riordan SM, Williams R. Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy. N Engl J Med 1997;337:473-9.

Rosen HM, Yoshimura N, Hodgman JM, Fischer JE. Plasma amino acid patterns in hepatic encephalopathy of differing etiology. Gastroenterology 1977;72:483-7. View abstract.

Rossi Fanelli F, Cangiano C, Capocaccia L, et al. Use of branched chain amino acids for treating hepatic encephalopathy: clinical experiences. Gut 1986;27:111-5. View abstract.

Rossi M, Mascaretti F, Parpinel M, et al. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids and colorectal cancer risk. Br J Nutr. 2020:1-6. View abstract.

Rossi M, Turati F, Strikoudi P, et al. Dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids and pancreatic cancer risk in a case-control study from Italy. Br J Nutr 2022. View abstract.

Saben JL, Sims CR, Pack L, Lan R, Børsheim E, Andres A. Infant intakes of human milk branched chain amino acids are negatively associated with infant growth and influenced by maternal body mass index. Pediatr Obes 2022;17(5):e12876. View abstract.

Scarna A, Gijsman HJ, McTavish SF, et al. Effects of a branched-chain amino acid drink in mania. Br J Psychiatry 2003;182:210-3.. View abstract.

Shimomura Y, Murakami T, Nakai N, Nagasaki M, Harris RA. Exercise promotes BCAA catabolism: effects of BCAA supplementation on skeletal muscle during exercise. J Nutr 2004;134(6 Suppl):1583S-1587S. View abstract.

Shimomura Y, Yamamoto Y, Bajotto G, et al. Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. J Nutr 2006;136(2):529S-532S. View abstract.

Singh Tejavath A, Mathur A, Nathiya D, et al. Impact of Branched Chain Amino Acid on Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength, Physical Performance, Combined Survival, and Maintenance of Liver Function Changes in Laboratory and Prognostic Markers on Sarcopenic Patients With Liver Cirrhosis (BCAAS Study): A Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Nutr 2021;8:715795. View abstract.

Stein TP, Schluter MD, Leskiw MJ, Boden G. Attenuation of the protein wasting associated with bed rest by branched-chain amino acids. Nutrition 1999;15:656-60. View abstract.

Suryawan A, Hawes JW, Harris RA, et al. A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:72-81. View abstract.

Takeuchi I, Yoshimura Y, Shimazu S, Jeong S, Yamaga M, Koga H. Effects of branched-chain amino acids and vitamin D supplementation on physical function, muscle mass and strength, and nutritional status in sarcopenic older adults undergoing hospital-based rehabilitation: A multicenter randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019;19(1):12-17. View abstract.

Tandan R, Bromberg MB, Forshew D, et al. A controlled trial of amino acid therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: I. Clinical, functional, and maximum isometric torque data. Neurology 1996;47:1220-6. View abstract.

Testa D, Caraceni T, Fetoni V. Branched-chain amino acids in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol 1989;236:445-7. View abstract.

To CY, Freeman M, Van Winkle LJ. Consumption of a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) during days 2-10 of pregnancy causes abnormal fetal and placental growth: Implications for BCAA supplementation in humans. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(7):2445. View abstract.

Tynkkynen J, Chouraki V, van der Lee SJ, et al. Association of branched-chain amino acids and other circulating metabolites with risk of incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A prospective study in eight cohorts. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14(6):723-733. View abstract.

Uchino Y, Watanabe M, Takata M, et al. Effect of Oral Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Serum Albumin Concentration in Heart Failure Patients with Hypoalbuminemia: Results of a Preliminary Study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2018;18(4):327-332. View abstract.

van Hall G, Raaymakers JS, Saris WH. Ingestion of branched-chain amino acids and tryptophan during sustained exercise in man: failure to affect performance. J Physiol (Lond) 1995;486:789-94. View abstract.

van Loon LJ, Kruijshoop M, Menheere PP, et al. Amino acid ingestion strongly enhances insulin secretion in patients with long-term type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:625-30. View abstract.

VanDusseldorp TA, Escobar KA, Johnson KE, et al. Effect of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Recovery Following Acute Eccentric Exercise. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). pii: E1389. View abstract.

Vilstrup H, Gluud C, Hardt F, et al. Branched chain enriched amino acid versus glucose treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. A double-blind study of 65 patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1990;10:291-6. View abstract.

Wahren J, Denis J, Desurmont P, Eriksson LS, et al. Is intravenous administration of branched chain amino acids effective in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy? A multicenter study. Hepatol 1983;3:475-80. View abstract.

Waldron M, Whelan K, Jeffries O, Burt D, Howe L, Patterson SD. The effects of acute branched-chain amino acid supplementation on recovery from a single bout of hypertrophy exercise in resistance-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017;42(6):630-636. View abstract.

Xu B, Wang M, Pu L, Shu C, Li L, Han L. Association of dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids with long-term risks of CVD, cancer and all-cause mortality. Public Health Nutr 2021. View abstract.

Zheng Y, Li Y, Qi Q, et al. Cumulative consumption of branched-chain amino acids and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Int J Epidemiol. 2016;45(5):1482-1492. View abstract.

The company is the world’s best ammonium chloride fertilizer supplier. We are your one-stop shop for all needs. Our staff are highly-specialized and will help you find the product you need.