3 Types of Navigation – Barbara Bemis

Oct. 07, 2024

3 Types of Navigation – Barbara Bemis

On their very first hike here, I ask students to describe where they are, big picture to little picture.

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Their answers generally start with the universe or solar system and work their way towards Angelus Oaks, Big Bear, or High Trails. It is exciting to see how interested they become in figuring out how many different ways they can describe where they are.

As with different ways to describe location, there are also different ways to navigate places. Three main types of navigation are celestial, GPS, and map and compass. In order to better understand why we teach map and compass at High Trails, it is helpful to learn the basics of all three techniques.

Celestial Navigation

Celestial navigation &#;is the art and science of navigating by the stars, sun, moon, and planets, and is one of the oldest human arts.&#; Reasons abound for learning celestial navigation, such as for use as a backup to modern technology or just for fun. The general concept is similar to triangulation, where you would use two celestial bodies and an instrument called a sextant.

A sextant measures the angle of the body above the horizon. Adjusting for your height above sea level and using charts arranged by time, a location line can be determined. By repeating this process with a second body, two lines are drawn and their intersection should be your location. This technique is most common with sea travel, where there are often no landmarks to use.

If anyone reading this is looking out their window at a cloudy sky (I currently am), you may see some problems with this type of navigation. If you cannot see any celestial bodies, navigation this way becomes impossible.

GPS

GPS (global positioning system), on the other hand, &#;provides users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services&#;, land or sea. There are three parts to this system: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.

The U.S. Air Force is in charge of the space segment, which involves maintaining over 30 satellites that orbit the Earth twice a day. These satellite orbits are arranged to maximize radio signal to users in as wide a range as possible. The control segment consists of a master control station, monitor stations, and ground antennas. These help monitor and transmit signals between satellites and users. The users are you and me!

GPS technology is in our cell phones, cars, and watches; it is also used for farming, construction, surveying, and more. Mlitary applications are extensive, as well as its use in weather forecasting.

GPS is not infallible: batteries can die, service can be spotty, and sometimes they just don&#;t lead you where you want to go! It also seems that &#;using a GPS for just a few hours seems to impair people&#;s navigational skills in the short term.&#; We are not teaching technology, we are broadening students&#; awareness of their outdoor surroundings.

Orienteering

Lastly, there is &#;old fashioned&#; orienteering. Orienteering is finding your way through a defined course with checkpoints, using only a map and compass. There are official teams and competitions where people are challenged to navigate through a course the fastest. Using a map and compass, one can navigate through any area. The map provides a picture of the area you are in; the compass tells direction.

Our Orienteering Class begins with looking at a map of Southern California and having students locate where they are now and where they are from. This allows for a top-down view of where exactly they are in relation to something they are familiar with: home.

After this, it is time to introduce the compass. Every student must point to each part of the compass as it is explained: base plate, direction of travel arrow, dial, etc. Lastly, students are taught how to take a given direction in degrees, &#;plug&#; it into their compass, turn, and follow that direction.

Now it is time for them to begin orienteering on our course in the woods. In teams, they must navigate properly in order to spell out different words or phrases relating to topics they have covered during their week at High Trails.

In a world filled with choices, why choose to teach map and compass?

After teaching and observing orienteering classes, several possible reasons have come to mind. For one, it gets students to start understanding where they are. They can visualize how they arrived at High Trails and they can start to tell what direction we hike in each day.

Orienteering is a part of Adventure Day, where one theme of the day is teamwork. Allowing and challenging them to work as a team to navigate puts them to the test: Can they communicate well? Can they cooperate? Can they succeed? The answer is most often yes! It also gives them the chance to struggle and possibly fail, then work with their team, ask questions, and come together to succeed in the end.

Map and compass is a good foundation to have when learning other ways of navigation. Having a broad understanding of where you are and where you want to go can help you better understand what your GPS is telling you. Knowing cardinal directions and how to read a map can also be applied to celestial navigation and locating the sun, moon, and stars. But in the end, orienteering gives students a sense of accomplishment in finding their own way.

At High Trails Outdoor Science School, we literally force our instructors to write about elementary outdoor education, teaching outside, learning outside, our dirty classroom (the forest&#;gosh), environmental science, outdoor science, and all other tree hugging student and kid loving things that keep us engaged, passionate, driven, loving our job, digging our life, and spreading the word to anyone whose attention we can hold for long enough to actually make it through reading this entire sentence. Whew&#;. www.dirtyclassroom.com

Marine Navigation: How to Navigate a Boat

Navigating a boat is absolutely, positively nothing like navigating a vehicle on land. There are no roads, few signs other than basic navigational markers outlining major channels, and you may have to contend with fog or an inability to see land or landmarks. In fact, it takes years of accumulated knowledge and advanced learning to become a marine navigational expert. But don&#;t let that deter you&#;just as long as you have a firm grip on the basics, learning how to navigate a boat in most inland and nearshore waterways in normal weather conditions is a piece of cake. We can break it down into these simple steps...

How to Navigate a Boat

Decide on your method: electronic navigation or traditional (analog) navigation.
If using electronic navigation, start by operating your GPS or chartplotter.
Make note of your real-time position, speed and direction of travel.
To get from point "A" to point "B," create a waypoint.
String waypoints together to create a route; utilize auto-pilot when applicable.
For traditional navigation, use: a compass, charters, parallel rulers and dividers.
Stay within sight of land and use major landmarks as points of reference.

Electronic Marine Navigation

Thanks to modern tech, navigating with a modern GPS/chartplotter is a piece of cake. You can pull up an electronic map (though mariners always refer to their maps as &#;charts&#;), which shows your real-time position, speed and direction of travel, and more.

Are you interested in learning more about marine navigation equipment? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

Locating your position is as simple as looking for the boat icon and/or GPS coordinates on-screen. To get from point &#;A&#; to point &#;B,&#; all you&#;ll have to do is create a waypoint.

Depending on how advanced your chartplotter is this might mean scrolling a cursor across the chart, then creating a waypoint by pressing a button.
In other cases you might have a touch-screen and merely need to tap the position you&#;d like to create a waypoint at.
Then, you&#;ll want to press a &#;go to&#; button (or give the screen a swipe, as appropriate for your chartplotter).
With the navigation from your present position to the waypoint then initiated, the chartplotter will give you a compass course to steer. Most chartplotters also have one or more &#;steering screens&#; to choose from, which will display both the desired compass course and the one you&#;re currently following.
Use the chartplotter menu to pull this steering screen up, and you&#;re ready to follow the unit as you steer an accurate course to the waypoint. You can also plot in multiple waypoints and string them together, into a &#;route.&#;

The most important thing about creating waypoints and routes and then navigating to them is to look closely at the chart, and make sure you won&#;t be trying to cross any major obstructions like a finger of land, restricted areas, or waters which may not afford your boat it&#;s minimum draft (how much water your boat needs to avoid running aground).

There are many other electronic items that assist in navigation, like radar and autopilots. But these are naturally a bit more advanced. What about using a navigational app on your cell ? There are a number that can prove helpful to boaters, including a wide range of iOS boating apps and Android boating apps.

However, boats and cell phones don&#;t always mix well; the moist environment and risk of shock damage are ever-present, and cell coverage can be sketchy or non-existent in many boating areas. As a result, you should never rely completely on a cell for navigating a boat.

Traditional Marine Navigation

Electronics can and do fail, so it&#;s also important to gain a basic understanding of the tools you need for analog navigation, and keep them aboard your boat at all times. These include:

A compass
Charts for the waterways you travel
Parallel Rulers
Dividers

With these basics, as long as you&#;re within sight of land and major landmarks you can figure out where you are and where you&#;re going.

Compass

A compass tells you which direction your boat is heading in&#;north, south, east, or west &#; as measured in degrees relative to magnetic north. There are 360 degrees representing a full circle. Zero degrees on the compass is north, 180 degrees points south, it&#;s 90 degrees to the east, and 270 degrees leads to the west. So a glance at your compass tells you what direction you&#;re travelling in, at any given time. When you steer your boat to a specific degree on the compass to maintain a straight course, you call this your &#;bearing.&#; So if you&#;re cruising to a restaurant for lunch and it&#;s directly to your north, you&#;ll be steering a zero-degree bearing. If it&#;s to your south you&#;ll steer a 180-degree bearing, and so on.

Charts

Charts are simply maps of the water and waterways, with special marking for water depths, channel markers, lighthouses, and restricted areas. NOAA produces charts for US waterways which can be viewed online for free, but to get printed versions you have to purchase charts or books of charts (for larger areas) from a NOAA certified agent. You can also pick up charts and chart books for your local waterway in virtually any marine supply store.

Parallel Rulers

Parallel rulers are two rulers attached by a pair of swiveling arms, so you can swing the rulers close together or far apart but they will always remain perfectly parallel. By doing so repeatedly, you can &#;walk&#; the rulers across a chart. Why in the world would you want to? Because it will allow you to determine the exact compass bearing of any course you may want to steer. All charts have a compass rose with all 360-degrees printed on them. Place the ruler on top of the chart, on the course line you&#;d like to steer. Then walk the rulers to the compass rose, and viola&#;you know what compass bearing you need to steer your boat on to run the course.

Dividers

Dividers have two arms that are attached at one end, and can be pulled apart to different widths at the other end. These are used to measure distance. All charts have a key which shows scale by miles and nautical miles. Hold the dividers up to the scale and pull them apart until the arms&#; width equals the chart scale for a mile or any increment of miles (it&#;s common to see one, five, 10, or even 20 mile increments depending on the scale of the chart). With the dividers set you can then use them to measure the distance between any two points on the chart.

Marine Navigation Basic Tasks

With these tools in hand&#;or at the helm&#;you can accomplish the three most basic navigational tasks: figuring out where you are, where you want to go, and following a course to get there.

Where is Your Boat?

To figure out where you are, look around and locate three charted landmarks like navigational aids, bridges, or water towers on shore.
Point your compass (which means pointing your boat, unless you have a handheld compass) at them one at a time.
Record the bearing.
Then set your parallel rules on the compass rose so it matches the bearings and, one by one, walk them until they intersect with the landmark for the corresponding bearing and draw a line down the edge of the ruler.
After doing all three lines, they will intersect to create a small triangle&#;and that&#;s your location.

How to Navigate to Where You Want to Go

This is just a matter of identifying your location and destination, then determining the corresponding compass bearing between the two places. Set your boat&#;s compass to match the bearing, and you&#;re ready to get underway.

Following a Course

Now that you know how to get a bearing, following the course is easy&#;all you have to do is steer the boat to keep the compass on that bearing. You&#;ll notice that keeping a boat on course can be difficult, especially with smaller, faster boats, and if you can keep your path within five or so degrees of the intended course you should consider it a job well done. Now get out there, and navigate!